Authors: DR. ROHIT
Abstract

Driven by the Green Revolution, the use of pesticides in Brazil has increased dramatically, transforming the rural complex into an agro-industrial complex, generating large-scale production of monocultures and strengthening agribusiness production chains. Despite the economic benefits, the intense use of pesticides leads to concerns, including a lack of training, technical difficulties and environmental and social vulnerabilities. The study focuses on analyzing the impact of these pesticides on production in the state of Paraná by comparing the census years between 2006 and 2017 and investigates the spatial dynamics of agricultural production using the Moran's I test. The results highlight the influence of neighboring communities on agricultural production values and highlight regional interdependence. The model underlines the importance of sustainable regional planning and highlights spatial lag as a key factor in promoting regional cooperation. Hence, expenditure was positive both in the local effect and for the effect caused in the neighborhoods. Still, the pesticide use variable itself became ambiguous for analyzing production due to its problems.

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Keywords: Agricultural Production,Green Revolution,Problems.

Authors: MRS.USHA
Abstract

The main objective of this research is to identify to what extent the characteristics of the CEO (chief executive officer) influence the financial performance of banks within the Romanian banking system. The sample under investigation includes all 21 Romanian banks, and the analyzed period included the financial years related to the last 5 financial years (2018–2022). Regarding these characteristics, aspects such as age, gender diversity, education, nationality, and duality were included in the research, the financial performance of the banking system being measured through the ROA (return on assets) and ROE (return on equity) indicators, which are often used in the literature, including control variables such as the size of the bank, assessed by the total value of bank assets, the share of debts in total assets and the share of capital in total assets. Regarding the duality of the CEO, this is the practice of the same person holding both the position of chairman of the board of directors and that of executive manager. The authors tried to find the answer to the question: Is there a correlation between CEO characteristics and the financial performance of the banks, and if the answer is yes, to what extent are these correlations significant? To carry out this research, the authors used the SPSS software, the research methodology being predominantly quantitative, including descriptive methods, correlation analyses and regression models. The results of the research indicate that the financial performance of the banks operating within the banking system in Romania (measured by the ROA and ROE indicators) is influenced by the nationality and education of the persons holding the position of CEO but also by the size of the banks, appreciated by the value of their total banking assets.

Keywords: CEO characteristics, banking performance, ROA, ROE, gender diversity, education, nationality, duality, capital

Authors: MR.NERAJ KUMAR
Abstract

Literature on the effects of military expenses and GDP is mixed, although a significant body of research supports the hypothesis that military expenses positively impact GDP. To contribute to the literature, this article analyses whether military expenditures influenced GDP in 27 European Union member countries from 1998 to 2021 by studying two clusters specific to the analysed countries: NATO and non-NATO countries. The way in which military expenditures affect GDP has been analysed using both the classic static models for panel data (pooled OLS, fixed effects, random effects, feasible generalized least squares, panel corrected standard errors, Poisson pseudomaximum likelihood regression) as well as by applying dynamic panel model system GMM, reverse causality, and half-panel jackknife regression models, with unemployment and inflation selected as control variables. The findings indicate that the current values of military expenditures positively influence GDP in both clusters, while past values of military expenditures positively influence GDP in the NATO EU countries and negatively affect GDP in the non-NATO EU countries. There are several key differences between NATO EU members and non-NATO EU members, particularly in regard to their security commitments and defence spending. NATO members are part of a mutual defence pact, agreeing to the principle of collective defence, which also impacts public defence policies and public budgets. This paper offers practical value to policymakers, stakeholders, and academicians. In addition, it has two significant political implications. First, it highlights the role of military expenditures as a catalyst for economic growth but does not underestimate the dangers of using military spending as a pretext to stimulate employment. Second, it establishes the optimal proportion of military expenditures required to fulfil two essential targets of national and European policies – security and welfare.

Keywords: GDP, military spending, unemployment, inflation, GMM